3.2.3 Plotting the Data 3.2.3 数据的绘图 Experimentally, then, one may study the effect of reduction on drawing force by recording the data from each of several runs through the same die and with the same lubrication, but with incoming rod of several diameters. 然后人们可以在实验上研究缩小量对拉丝力的影响，其办法就是记录下每一组多次通过同一模具并采用相同的润滑，但进入的金属杆却有不同直径时所得到的数据。Again, by using dies of different cone angles, but effecting the same reduction through all dies, one may study the effect of cone angle on drawing force. A typical example of this instrumentation as used in a production study is given by Dr. Mullendore, in Ref. [2], pp. 235-248. 同样，在采用不同锥角的模具，但通过所有模具时产生相同的缩小量的情况下，人们就可以研究锥角对拉丝力的影响。这种在生产中使用的仪器的典型例子由Mullendore博士在文献【2】pp.235－248中提供。 The wire-drawing process is limited to small ranges over both reduction and cone angle. 拉丝工艺限于小的缩小量和锥角的范围。Hydrostatic extrusion, however, in which the rod is pushed through the die by means of a pressurized liquid, as shown in Fig. <5>, does not suffer the same limitations: the reductions possible are much larger and die angles may vary from very small to square, i.e., to " = 90E. 可是静液挤压却不会受到这样的限制，在这种工艺中，金属杆用加压的液体推压通过模子，如图5所示，可能的缩小量要大得多，而且，模具角也可从很小变到正方，即变到 “ =90E。With pressure of the liquid measured by a gauge, the effects can be recorded over wide ranges. 借助一个计量器测得的液体压力，可以记录范围很广的影响。 Another variable which must be taken into account is the material processed and its properties. 必须加以考虑的另一个变量是被加工的材料及其性质。Figure <6>, for example, is a record of extrusion pressure for lead as a function of extruded rod position (Ref. [3]). The extrusion rate at the beginning was slow and required low pressure. 例如，图6为铅的挤压压力与被挤铅杆位置函数关系的记录（文献【3】）。开始时的挤压速率较慢，需要低的压力。When the extrusion rate was increased by forcing the ram to enter the extrusion chamber more quickly, the extrusion pressure rose immediately because plastic flow stress in lead rises with a rise in the rate of straining: lead, even at room temperature is a strain rate sensitive material. 当挤压速率通过更快地迫使压头进入挤压腔而提高时，挤压压力立即升高，因为在铅上的塑性流动应力随着应变速率的上升而上升：铅即使在室温下都是对应变速率敏感的材料。Lead may creep at veryslow speeds with very light loads, but if one tries to impose higher strain rates on this material, its resistance to deformation increases. 铅可能在很轻的负荷下以很低的速度蠕变，但是如果人们试图在这种材料上施加较高的应变速率，它对变形的阻力就增大。The force required for drawing or extrusion is thus a function not only of the initially mentioned independent variables - reduction, cone angle, and friction - but also of a fourth variable, the properties of the material itself. 因此，拉丝或挤压所需的力不仅是一开始提到的独立变量（缩小量、锥角和磨擦）的函数，还是第4个变量（材料本身的性质）的函数。For the present, further consideration of this material variable will be deferred. 暂时，进一步考虑这一材料变量将被推迟。It is clear that experimental method can become intolerably tedious in any effort to cover representative sets of reduction ratios, cone angles, and friction values in the combinations which may be relevant in studies of drawing or extrusion forces. 显然，在拉丝力或挤压力的研究中，在可能有关的组合中包括具有代表性的缩小率、锥角和摩擦值的任何努力，都可能变得无法忍受地冗长。This is especially true when, beyond tediousness, one is aware that the picture so obtained may be clouded in unknown ways by the unrecorded presence of material property variations. One can only conclude that experimental work in this area must be of limited value in the absence of adequate theoretical support. 除了冗长性以外，当人们意识到，这样获得的图片可能以未知的方式由于材料性质存在没有记录到的变化而模糊不清时，情况尤其如此。
3.2.3密谋数据 实验性地，然后，一个人也许通过记录学习减少的作用对图画力量从其中每一的data数通过同样跑死和与同一润滑，但是与几条直径incoming标尺。 再次，通过使用死于不同的锥体角度，但是影响同样减少通过全部死的the，一个也许学习锥体角度的作用对图画力量。 一 mullendore， 博士举这仪器工作的典型的例子如用于生产研究的in参考[2]，页。 235-248. 拔丝过程被限制到在减少和锥体角度的小范围。 然而， Hydrostatic挤压标尺通过模子被推挤通过 pressurized液体，如图所显示，不遭受同样局限： 减少 possible是更大并且死角度也许从非常小变化摆正，即， “= 90E。 液体的With压力由测量仪测量了，作用可以被记录在大范围。 必须考虑到是被处理的材料的另一可变物和它的物产。 作为被挤压的标尺功能， Figure，例如，是挤压压力纪录主角的position (参考[3])。 挤压率首先是缓慢和必需的低压。 挤压率强迫公羊增加When进入挤压房间更多因为在主角的塑性流动重音上升与， quickly，挤压压力立刻上升了在劳损的率的rise ： 带领，甚而在室温是张力敏感率材料。 如果一个设法强加更高的张力， Lead也许爬行以与非常轻的装载的veryslow速度，但是在这材料的rates，它的对变形的抵抗增加。 对于图画或是必需的力量extrusion因而是作用不仅的最初被提及的独立变量-减少， cone角度和摩擦-，而且第四可变物，材料的物产。 为 the提出，这物质可变物的进一步考虑将顺从。
